Wikijunior: 太阳系/地球 Sonnensystem/Erde

the marco polo project: 是什么让人感觉“中国人太多”？

我经常听见一些朋友，遇到国内什么事情解决不好，就 beschweren sich：“没办法，中国人太多了！”正如 许小年先生讽刺过的：看病难，是因为中国人太多，医生-druck 大；Unterricht 难，是因为国家人口多，教师-druck 大；住房难，是因为国家人口多，Entwicklungsdruck 大；肉类 bereitzustellen 难，是因为国家人口多，猪们-Druck 大……

说“中国人太多”，其含义就是说，中国人多导致 Ressourcenvorrat 很 knapp，大量产品-Erzeugung 不足。但这个说法是不符合事实的。虽然中国人口总量不少，但因为国土面积也大，中国的人口-dichte 在世界上并不算高，根据 Vereinten Nationen 的 Material，在所有国家和地区中只排第73位。 许多发达国家，例如英国、德国、die Niederlande、意大利和 Schweiz，人口-dichte 都远高于中国。而且，我国单位国土面积的主要 Reserven an Ressourcen 在世界上处于中上行列，因此，nach den 人均主要 Ressourcen 论，中国更是在世界上处在中游位置，并不短缺。从理论上说，地球可以承载的人口数量，sicherlich 有一个 Limit，超过这个 Wert 人类就会过分 bevölkert。但在 Praxis 中， 即使那些比中国人口-dichte 大得多的国家，也还没有 begegnet 这个 Limit。更不要说中国了。可以这么说，迄今为止，我们看到的许多所谓“人太多”、“Ressourcenknappheit”现 象，绝大部分是特定的社会-ökonomischen System 导致的，而不是因为真的人口太多了。

有些朋友对此始终无法相信。这些朋友常常喜欢举的，就是日本东京的例子。他们认为，论社会 System 和发达水平，日本作为世界上最 reich 的市场 Wirtschaft 和民主国家，不能说不 überlegen。但是东京地铁不还是那么 bevölkert 吗？东京住房不还是那么 angespannt 吗？原因就是因为日本人口-dichte 太大了，是中国的2.5倍！这些朋友得出结论说：可见人口太多，还是 erzeugt Ressourcen-短缺的一个决定性因素。

然而，这些朋友 ignorieren 的事实是：世界上一些人口极为 kaum 的发达和准发达国家，同样 hat 最 gedrängt 的地铁、最 Stau 的街道。2008年，美国《时代》杂志曾把巴西圣保罗市 gewählt 为世界上交通最为 Stau 的城市。以我本人亲身经历看，这个 Einschätzung 是 angemessen 的。但巴西每平方公里人口只有23人，是中国的6分之一，日本的15分之一。另一个著名例子是 Moskau。Moskau 地铁极为 gedrängt，每年 transportiert 24亿人（2009年数据），平均每公里地铁年 transportiert 80万人，在世界上仅次于东京地铁，远远超过北京和上海。而 Russland 每平方公里人口少达8.4人，是世界上人烟最为 gering 的国家之一。我不知道如果有些中国人去 圣保罗或者 Moskau，会不会发 bewegt 说“巴西人太多了！”或者“Russland 人太多了！”呢？

Verursachen das “人太多”感觉的原因是多种多样的，在这篇短 Kommentar 中无法周详讨论。只略说几句。一个很重要的原因——大多数的“人口 überbevölkert，Ressourcen knapp”的大城市和超大城市，都是在20世 纪下半叶以后才形成的，Klassifiziert als 所谓比较年轻的城市，或者说，是后工业时代的城市。后工业城市的特点，是以金融、管理、Handel、地产、Nahrungsmittel-服务等第三产业为城市的 Kern-产业，而这些服务-Typ 产业，都喜欢有较高人口-dichte 以取得 Skalen-效应。相反，早期形成的那些城市，无论是 Produktions-城市、工业港口城市还是带有前工业 Character 的自治-Typ 乡镇，它们的 Ausmaß 都相对较小，人口-dichte 相对较低。

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bullogger 2011-9-7

Wu Xianghong

Übersetzung

Why do people think that “There’s too many Chinese?”

I often hear friends complain, whenever they encounter some difficulties in China: “there is no solution, there’s too many Chinese people!” As Mr Xu would say sarcastically: because there are too many Chinese people, it’s hard to get medical treatment, as doctors are under pressure; because there are too many Chinese people, it’s hard to get education as teachers are under pressure; because there are too many Chinese people, it’s hard to get a house as property developers are under pressure; because there are too many Chinese people, it’s hard to get meat, as the pigs are under pressure…

Saying “there’s too many Chinese people” means: the large number of Chinese people has caused a pressure on Ressources, and an inadequate supply of commodities. But this view is not in line with reality. Even though the population of China is not small, since China’s land area is big, China’s population density is not high by world standards: according to UN statistics, it only ranks in 73rd position among all nations and territories. Many developed countries, such as England, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and Switzerland have much higher population density than China. However, in terms of land area and natural resources, China is in the upper middle ranks among the nations of the world, and so, in terms of primary resources per capita, China holds a middle position among the nations of the world, and there is no actual shortage. In theory, there is obviously a limit to the population that the earth can carry, and if we exceed this value, we will be overcrowded. However, in practice, even these countries whose population density is much greater than China’s have yet to meet this limit. And so China is even further from it. So we can say that, to this date, the many phenomenons of ‘overcrowding’ and ‘resource scarcity’ we observed have specific causes in the social and economic system, but aren’t due to the actual size of the population.

I have some friends who don’t believe this at all. These friends often like totake Tokyo as an example. They think, in terms of the social system and level of development, Japan is the richest Democratic country with a market economy, we can’t say it’s not superior. But still, isn’t the Tokyo subway very crowded? Isn’t there a lot of pressure on housing in Tokyo? This is because the population density in Japan is 2.5 times that of China. These friends conclude: as you can see, a large population is the decisive cause for resource shortage.

However, the fact that people neglect is that in this world, even some developed and almost-developed countries with very small population still have the most crowded subways and streets. In 2008, Times Magazine scored San Paolo in Brazil, which has the heaviest traffic in the world. From my personal experience, this comment is appropriate. The population density in Brazil is only 23 people per square kilometre, which is one sixth of China, or one fifteenth of Japan. Another famous example is Moscow. It is extremely crowded in the Moscow subway, because 2,4 billion people use it every year ( 2009 data), on average, there’s 0.8 million people for each km of subway every day, it’s the second most used in the world after Tokyo, far ahead of Beijing and Shanghai. However, the average population density in Russia is as low as 8.4 people per square km, which is one of the lowest in the world. If Chinese people go to San Paolo or Moscow, I’m not sure if they would feel overwhelmed and say: “There’s too many Brazilians!” or “There’s too many Russians!”

The feeling that ‘there’s too many people’ has many causes, and we can’t carefully discuss all of them in this commentary. We can only say a few words about it. One very important reason – a large majority of the ‘overcrowded and constrained’ big cities and megacities have only formed after the second half of the 20th century, and they are relatively young cities – or we can say they are post-industrial cities. The characteristics of the post-industrial city are that its core industries are the tertiary activities of finance, management, real estate and catering services, and these service-based industries all enjoy high population density to achieve economies of scale. On the contrary, the cities that were formed earlier, whether they’re manufacturing centres, industrial port cities, or autonomous townships of pre-industrial type, all are relatively small and have a relatively low population density.

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Julien Leyre website

The first four paragraphs of this text were translated during a Marco Polo Project translation workshop, by Wendy, Wei Ching, Yao Hua, Kiki, Cyrus, Justin and Julien.

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