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the marco polo project: 为什么中国没有文化 Aufstieg？

中国已经是世界第二大 Volkswirtschaft。尽管人均国民所得 immer noch 很低，不管从哪一个角度来说，中国已经 hat geschaffen 世界 Wirtschafts-史上的 Wunder。但是有没有文化上的 Aufstieg？显然没有。中国 aufsteigen，Wirtschafts-生活 Reichtum 起来了，但既没有 gewonnen 国际社会的尊重，也没有使得本国的老百姓更幸福。

无论是内政还是外交，mehr und mehr 的人感到很生气。不过，这种现象实际上很容易理解。人们必须 fragen，除了 wirtschaftlicher 实力之外，中国还能 erreicht 什么呢？能够 bieten 给老百姓一种道德生活吗？能够 bieten 给国际社会一种可 bieten eine alternative 的文化或者 Werte 吗？

答案是显然的。从内部说，Wirtschaft 上的 Aufstieg 已经导致了全社会的道德 Gefahr。尽管社会 Wirtschaft 的发展必然会导致 altes 道德体系的解体，新道德体系又是怎样的呢？没有道德体系，社会难以生存。从外部来说，das Fehlen 一种 anziehen 人的文化和其所体现的 Werte 体系，wirtschaftlicher Aufstieg 往往被视为是非常可怕的事或一种 Bedrohung。中国也意识到了这点，因此也努力向外推销自己的文化。没有新的思想和 Werte，只好求助于 Konfuzius，办 Konfuzius 学院；而 Konfuzius 学院又被简化成学习中国的语言文字。无论是办 Konfuzius 学院的人还是从事其它 Massenmedien 的人都不知道，他们要 verbreiten 什么样的文化和 Werte。

王 Gengwu 先生把今天中国的 Aufstieg 称为第四次 Aufstieg。历史上，中国至少曾有三次被公认为地区最强大的国家，因此人们也把中国的再次 Aufstieg 称为“复兴”。既然中国 stieg auf，人们可以从 Aufstieg 的历史中学到很多经验教训，诸如国家是如何 aufsteigen 的？又是如何 fallen 的？

根据王先生的看法，第一次 Aufstieg 是从公元前3世纪到公元3世纪，即从秦朝统一中国到汉朝。在汉朝，中国的 Einfluß 到了朝鲜半岛和东南亚部分地区。汉朝周边的很多国家进口汉朝的 Handelsgüter 和 Technologie，主要是 Seide、纸张、Keramik 以及 Heeres- 和海军-Technologie。在这个 Phase，中国给人印象最深刻的是 Wirtschaft 和文化。

汉之后的400多年里，中国 spaltete sich 为几个 sich miteinander bekriegend 的小国。但7世纪唐朝的建立宣布了中国的第二次 Aufstieg。唐朝的 Einfluß verbreitete 到了日本和东亚其它地区，dauerte 近300年，这时的中国完全不同于汉朝。唐朝的强大和其外在 Einfluß 得益于其高度的开放。唐朝不仅文化上开放，政治上也开放，被西方学者称为“开放的帝国”。佛教的 Verbreitung 和北方 nomadische Stämme 在中原定居，这两种 Einflüsse 的强大混合力 bildeten 一个新的国家，显示出其高度的世界性。高度开放也迎来了一个 Handel 和工业不断 wachsen 的时代。来自 entfernten 国度的 Händler 和旅行者带来的新东西，不仅 bereicherte 中国人的生活，而且对中国文化做出了 Beitrag，由此 geschaffen 一个中国历史上真正的全盛时期。

1368年，明朝建立，中国由此实现了第三次 Aufstieg，dauerte 约400年。这期间，Konfuzianismus 重新被确立为统治者的正统思想。这与前两次相比要逊色得多，因为中国的政治文化开始变得十分保守。 Isolation 的 Politik 导致国家江河日下。尽管明朝加强 Verteidigung，immer noch 不断 litt unter 来自周边的 Angriffe，并最终被满族人所 eroberten。虽然建国之初的清朝非常强大，而且更 aggresiv，但在此之后的统治中却更多地延续了明朝的保守和 Isolationspolitik，最终 verfiel。1840年，强大的英国 angreifen 中国时，清政府统治下的中国已没有还手之力了。

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作者是新加坡国立大学东亚所所长，文章仅代表个人观点

Zheng Yongnian Wikipedia

Übersetzung

Why is Chinese culture not rising?

China has already become the world’s second largest economy. Although per capita income is still low, no matter what angle you look at it, China has performed a miracle in the world’s economic history. But is culture also on the rise? Apparently not. China has risen and it’s economy has become richer, but it hasn’t won the respect of the international community, nor has it made its people happier.

Whether it’s internal politics or international relations, more and more people are getting angry. However, this phenomenon is actually very easy to understand. We must ask: apart from economic strength, what else has China achieved? Has it given the common people a moral to follow in their life? Has it provided the international community with an alternative culture or an alternative set of values?

The answer is obvious. Internally, the economic growth is already presenting a moral danger to all society. Although social and economic development will inevitably lead to the disintegration of the old moral system, what does the new moral system look like? Without a moral system, it is hard for a society to survive. Externally, in the absence of an attractive culture and the value system it embodies, economic growth is perceived as fearful or threatening. China is aware of this, and therefore is making efforts to promote its own culture externally. Without new ideas and values, China turns towards Confuciusism, and established the Confucius Institute; but the Confucius Institute have been reduced to Chinese anguage learning centres. Whether it’s the founders of the Confucius Institute or other people working in the mass media, none of them knows what kind of culture and values they want to promote.

Mr Wang Gengwu talks of China’s current rise as ‘the fourth rise of China’. Historically, China has already been the most powerful nation in the region three times, so people talk of China’s re-emergence as a ‘renaissance’. And since China has already risen in the past, people can learn a lot from history, such as why countries rise, and why they fade.

According to Mr Wang, the first rise took place from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD, that is in the period from the Qin dynasty to the Han dynasty. Under the Han Dynasty, China’s influence extended to the Korean peninsula and parts of South East Asia. Many surrounding countries imported good and technology from Han China, particularly silk, paper and ceramics, as well as military and navigation technology. At this stage, the most impressive things in China were its economy and culture.

During the 400 years that followed the end of the Han Dynasty, China fragmented into large numbers of small countries at war with each other. But in the 7th century, the Tang Dynasty hearalded a new age of ascension for China. The influence of the Tang dynasty extended to Japan and parts of South East Asia, and lasted for about 300 years. During this time, China was very different from what it was under the Han dynasty. The strength and influence of the Tang dynasty was connected to its high level of openness. The Tang dynasty was not just opened culturally, but also politically, and Western scholars have called it ‘an open empire’. The spread of Buddhism and the settling of nomadic tribes from the North in the central plains created a new country of hybrid strength, showing a high degree of globalisation. This high openness also ushered a period of growth for industry and trade. The new things that merchants and travellers brought from distant places not only enriched the daily lives of Chinese people, but also contributed to Chinese culture, and therefore constituted a real high point in Chinese history.

The establishment of the Ming dynasty in 1368 started China’s third period of ascension, which lasted for 400 years. In this period, Confucianism was re-established as the orthodox ideology of the rulers. This period is much less impressive than the previous two, because China’s political culture started to become very conservative. The closed door policy resulted in national decline. Although the Ming dynasty strengthened its defence, the country was still exposed to attacks from its periphery, and eventually conquered by the Manchus. And although the Qing dynasty was very powerful in its beginning, as well as more aggressive, but it continued the conservative attitude of the Ming dynasty and its closed door policy, and eventually waned. In 1840, powerful England attacked China, and the country ruled by the Qing Dynasty had no strength to resist.

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The author is the director of Singapore National University’s East Asia Institute. This article only represents the personal views of its author.

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