Es sei ${\displaystyle {}M}$ eine ${\displaystyle {}n\times n}$-Matrix, mit dem charakteristischen Polynom

${\displaystyle {}\chi _{M}=X^{n}+c_{n-1}X^{n-1}+c_{n-2}X^{n-2}+\cdots +c_{2}X^{2}+c_{1}X+c_{0}\,.}$

${\displaystyle {}s\in K}$

${\displaystyle {}sM}$