美国道歉《排华法案》与广州黑人抗议事件

最近美国国会众议院全票通过了一项为一百三十年前的《排华法案》道歉的议案，而在此之前，参议院已经于去年通过了同样的议案。对这一议案的通过，中 美两国的主要 Medien 都予以了显著位置的报道。国内的社会舆论如何，可想而知，自然不在话下。在美国这边，如果对于美国的社会民情稍有了解，也会明白，这种议 案的通过只是时间的问题，nach allem 美国社会在经历了六十年代的民权运动之后，在这种人权、种族问题上，已经发生了巨大的改变。不同种族、文化之间的平等，早已 成为社会意识的主流。这一道歉议案的主要发起人之一加州众议员赵美心在议案通过后表示，“我们必须要明白，这些丑陋的法律与美国的建国原则不相容。…我们 的社会不能容忍歧视”。

简单而言，美国国会于1882年5月6日通过了美国历史上第一部，也是唯一的一部， 针对特定种族的议案，即《排华法案》，基本上禁止了中国人移民美国，同时也严重限制了已经进入美国的中国人的政治经济权利。当时的总统亚瑟签署了这个议 案，使之成为法律。在十年届满之后，又被延长了十年，并在1902年被确定为永久性法律。在第二次世界大战中，在美国卷入战争之后，由于中美成为战时同盟 国，到1943年这部法律才被做了一些修改。最后一直到1965年，美国出台了新的《移民法》，才彻底取消了以原始国籍划分移民配额的原则，从而为包括中 国人在内的亚洲移民打开了门户。

关于这些上面事情的详情，任何有兴趣的人大可上网搜索资料，并非本文的重 点。这几天真正引起了我的兴趣的，是美国《时代》杂志的一篇文章。在这篇题为“一个尼日利亚人死于中国：种族关系开始紧张”的文章中，作者首先提到了中国 Medien 对于西方世界民主制度的一贯批判手法：即种族关系问题。同时作者也顺理成章地注意到，自然而然的，在这一大背景之下，在美国国会就历史上“令人感到羞 耻”的《排华法案》一事道歉之后，中国国内的 Medien 都在首要版面予以了报道。然后该文作者笔锋一转，接着就指出了中国这种民族主义自豪情节的另一个方面，即 Medien 往往回避国内自身的种族关系问题。“就在众议院致歉的同一天，在广州，一名尼日利亚人在被警察 Haft 后死亡。但是新闻报道对于非洲人的抗议行为，只提供 了有限的描述。…警方更是仅仅说明‘有人造成了严重的交通堵塞’”。

对于这件事我并没有刻意去观察网路上的 反应，但根据从一些朋友那里得到的信息，正如上面这篇《时代》杂志文章所描述的，“虽然中国一直自 dargestellt 是一个没有种族歧视的国家，而且常常念念不忘以往亚非 拉第三世界国家民族大团结的时代”，但在这一事件中，社交 Medien 上表现出了“令人震惊的排外情绪”。进一步而言，据我后来所知，从一些网路上具体的言论看 来，这一事件所激发的，绝不仅仅类同于前不久针对某些西方人 unterlegen 的“仇外、排外”的心态，而是更有一种针对特定人群的强烈种族自我优越感 durchdrungen 在其中。事情 到了这一步的时候，就已经耐人寻味，并具有了高度的讽刺意味：就在同一时间里，当很多中国人为了美国为历史上排华道歉而倍感 dankbar 的时候，一些中国人已经开始 aufzuschreien, 要把“非洲黑鬼”统统赶出中国去了。

我看过一些西方左派后殖民主义学者的著作，其基本的论点，就是对 于殖民地历史予以全面的否定，支持少数民族、被压迫民族的解放运动，批判西方帝国主义的统治与压迫，重新解读南北半球、东西方的关系。仅从个人感觉而言， 谁也无法否认，西方几百年的殖民历史是罪恶累累，对于今天第三世界的贫困与动乱，要负很大的责任。但是我认为西方左派学术与实践中最大的问题，在于没有找 到合适的理论出路。也就是说，在一方面，他们推崇落后国家民族的自我觉醒和对西方的反抗，但是在另一方面，他们又无力解释一些独立后民族国家政权的倒行逆 施，只能采取回避的态度，从而使得其理论 kaum 说服力，自身的影响力也日渐衰微。今天中国的一些左派人士其实也面临着同样的理论困境。在一些左派的宣传中， 都喜欢提及毛时代的一句口号，“哪里有压迫，哪里就有反抗”。听起来似乎很有道理，但我的疑问是，没有经过思想意识的革命，就不会有所谓的解放，反抗之后 建立起来的，人民大众面对的，很可能是更深重的压迫和新一轮的暴政。

顺着这个思路，回到美国道歉和有人要把 “非洲黑鬼”赶出中国这件事情上来，如果把二者放在一起，我们可以很清楚地看到，这里面折射出的含义是很清楚的：中国历史上百多年的被压迫被侵略历史，塑 造了反抗的正义感与合法性，但并没有在人文意识的进步上产生多少推动作用，从而使得无论1949年国家政权的更迭，还是1978年的经济改革，都只具有物 质层面上的相对积极意义。在国内，六十年来户籍制度的存在，就是这一论断最大的证据。一个国家的大多数人口，在为经济起飞做出了巨大贡献的情况下，至今仍 然被合理合法地排斥在经济繁荣之外，而城市社会大众也对此保持了沉默。进一步看来，这个社会不但漠视、容忍了世界上最大的身份歧视制度，今天还有人要开始 走西方种族主义的老路，要把某个外来种族赶出去。

在这个时候，无需多言，我相信很多人都会明白，除了经济繁 荣，中国社会更需要的会是什么。前面提到的那篇《时代》杂志文章作者在最后说，“为了那个死去的尼日利亚人，一个来自中国官方的道歉或者一个完整的解释， 可能会是一段漫长的等待”。如果将来结果真的是这样，那么那个来自美国的道歉，大概在若干年后，只能使我们的后人为今天感到羞愧，而不是民族崛起的骄傲。

Bai Weilin

Übersetzung

American apologies for the “Chinese Exclusion Act” and the black protests in Guangzhou

Recently, the US House of Representatives voted unanimously for a motion to issue an apology for the “Chinese Exclusion Act” passed 130 years ago. Prior to this, one year ago the Senate voted a similar motion. Chinese and American media both gave reports on the vote of this motion a prominent position. For Chinese public opinion, as one can imagine, it is natural to emphasize it. On the American side, if you have some understanding of US society, you can understand that the adoption of this motion was just a question of time. After all, since the Human Rights movements of the sixties, American society has gone through great changes in the area of Human Rights and racial issues. Equality between different ethnicities and cultures has become a mainstream social conviction. After the motion was passed, one of the main supporters of this apology, Maxim Zhao, Congressman for California, said: “We have to understand that these ugly laws are incompatible with the founding principles of the United States…. Our society cannot tolerate discrimination.”

In simple terms, on the 6th of May 1882, the American Congress adopted the first and only motion in the history of the United States directed against a specific ethnicity; that is, the “Chinese Exclusion Act” basically forbid Chinese immigrants from entering the United States, and also severely limited the economic and political rights of Chinese people already residing in the United States. The then president McArthur signed this motion, making it into law. When it expired after ten years, it was extended for another ten years, and in 1902, it became a permanent law. In 1943, in the middle of World War II, after the US entered the war, because the US and China were allies, some changes were made to the law. Finally in 1965, the US introduced a new “Migration Act”, where the principle of immigration quotas based on nationality was abolished, opening the door for Asian migrants, including migrants from China.

For further details on the aforementioned, those interested can look for information on the NPC’s website; however that is not the focus of this article. What has really caught my interest lately is an article in the American “Time” magazine. In this article entitled, “A Nigerian dies in China: tension in ethnic relations”, the writer first mentions that the Chinese media have always been critical of one thing in the Western World’s democracies: the issue of ethnic relations. At the same time, the author also notes that, naturally, in this context, the Chinese domestic media were the primary forum for reporting on the apology from the US Congress for the “Chinese Exclusion Act” which “made people ashamed” of history. But then, the author of this article accurately points out another aspect of this Chinese nationalistic pride, namely that the media tends to avoid the issues concerning ethnic relations in China. “On the same day that Congress voted in favour of issuing an apology, in Guangzhou, a Nigerian man died whilst in police custody. But the news reports on the African demonstrations were limited in their descriptions… the police explanation was that ‘some people were causing serious traffic jams'”.

On this matter, I did not bother looking at reactions on the internet, but according to some information I received from friends, as described in the aforementioned ‘Time’ magazine article, “Although China has always prided itself on being a country free of ethnic discrimination, and is often fixated on a period in the past when there was great unity between the Third World countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.” However, in this case, social media showed “shocking levels of xenophobia”. Furthermore, as I later learnt, judging from a few comments on the web, this incident incited not only “xenophobic and racist” attitudes towards some Westerners, but even more than that, strong feelings of racial superiority towards specific peoples. As things took this turn, one thing is particularly worth noting, as well as highly ironic: at the same time that many Chinese people were very grateful to have received an apology from America for their historical exclusion, some Chinese people had already started declaring that they wanted ‘African niggers’ to get out of China.

I have read the works of a few left-wing post-colonial Western scholars. Their basic argument is a largely negative view of colonial history, support for ethnic minorities and the liberation movements of the oppressed, criticism of the rule and oppression of Western imperialism, and a reinterpretation of the relationship between North and South, East and West. From a personal perspective, no-one can deny that the centuries of Western imperialism were evil, and are largely responsible for poverty and unrest in the Third World today. But I think the biggest problem with the practices of Western left-wing scholars is that they haven’t found an appropriate theoretical solution. In other words, on the one hand, they respect the self-assurance and resistance to the West of backwards nations； but on the other hand, they are unable to explain the depravity of a number of post-independence regimes, they can only adopt an evasive attitude, which makes their theories weak and unconvincing. Some leftists in today’s China are facing the same theoretical dilemma. Some left-wing propaganda quotes slogans from the Mao era such as: “where there is oppression, there will be resistance”. It sounds very reasonable, but my question is, without an ideological revolution, there can be no so-called liberation, and after the revolt is over, what the masses are facing may well be further oppression and a new generation of tyrants.

Following on from this idea, and returning to the matter of the US apology and people shouting “niggers out” in China, if we put the two together, we can see very clearly the meaning of this: the Chinese have experienced a hundred years of oppression and aggression, shaping their sense of justice and the legitimacy of resistance; however, this experience has had no role in promoting the progress of human consciousness. The change of regime in 1949 and the economic reforms of 1978 had a relatively positive influence only on a materialistic level. The persistence of the household registration system for over sixty years is the greatest evidence of this. A majority of the population who made a significant contribution to China’s economic take-off is still legitimately excluded from economic prosperity, but most of urban society remains silent about this point. To take this assertion one step further, Chinese society not only ignores and tolerates the largest scale discrimination in the world, but people today also seem to be taking the road of Western racism, and casting out certain foreigners.

At this time, needless to say, I believe many people understand what Chinese society needs apart from economic prosperity. The author of the “Time” magazine article mentions at the end of his piece: “We may have to wait a long time for either an official Chinese apology, or an explanation, for the death of that Nigerian man.” If that is really how things are, then this apology from the US, after many years, will probably bring our descendants only shame for today’s China, rather than national pride.

Source: 1510, June 24 2012 – http://www.my1510.cn/article.php?id=79545

Julien Leyre website

Walmart 故事（二） Walmart 是家什么样的公司？

Walmart 在这个美丽的小岛一共开设了九家店，而我一直到第五家才应聘成功。刚开始我把这件事情看得很简单，但碰了两回钉子后我开始静下心来仔细研究这件事。在网上搜寻外企应聘一般都会提出什么问题，怎样算合理的回答。随着对 Walmart 的了解我发现自己越来越喜欢这家公司，你知道我一直都在寻找一个归宿，我发现它和我梦想的地方很相似。那些美好的理念，原则，信仰。我以为我在这个 dreckig 的国家找到了一片净土。

第五次应聘的那天阳光 glitzern，这个小岛素来被称为阳光之岛。我来到位于市中心的这家店里，看着里面 kommen und gehen 的员工感觉很亲切。你能从她们身上感觉到安详和善意，人一般在见到和自己有相似价值观的人才会感到亲切。接待我的是部门主管建勇，他的态度非常 freundlich，只是给人感觉有些多疑。他对我非常的肯定，说他自己从事这个职业很久了，一见我就觉得我非常适合这份工作，我身上有这个职业所需要的特质。他说的我心花怒放，要知道我这几天可是连连遭受挫折呀。心里不禁对他有些感激。建勇身上有一种气质，我当时不能清楚的判断这种气质代表着什么，但又似乎有些熟悉，后来才明白那是权力的气息。准确的说是以权力为核心价值观的人身上特有的气息，在政府官僚身上最能感觉到。

我这个人是有点2，顺利一点马上忘乎所以，放松下来后和建勇闲聊的时候 brüsten 起自己看人的眼光很准，建勇问我你看我是个什么样的人？不知怎的我心一沉，kniff mein 眼睛 zusammen um 观察他的面容。随后说了一句绝对不会错的话，你是个正直的人。建勇笑了，说不正直的人是当不了ap的。我能感觉他一直在观察我，他始终都没有放松。

接下来人事部的面试很顺利，基本只是走个过场。走到外面阳光洒在脸上，心情舒畅啊，有一种久违的幸福感。

写到这里我觉得应当简单介绍一下 Walmart 是家什么样的公司， Walmart 1996年进入中国，至今已经在中国开了数百家店，仅在我所在的这个小岛上就有十家左右万平以上的大型一站式购物广场。 Walmart 曾经数年 ununterbrochen 世界第一大公司，而在我看来 Walmart 之所以强大是因为它的核心价值观，即 Walmart 的三大信仰：“尊重个人，服务顾客，追求卓越。”我相信 Walmart 的三大信仰并不是像我们国家街道上贴的那些标语只是给别人看的，自己并不信。我自己有亲身体会，就拿尊重个人这一点来举例。我们的办公室里有监控，还有录音。这样做的目的一方面是为了抓到小偷便衣在审问的时候防止虐待羞辱当事人（我们从来不被允许把在商场里偷东西的顾客叫做小偷，背后叫也不允许，只能叫当事人。）一方面办公室员工员工之间发生摩擦的时候也可以用来取证，作为是非判断的依据。一般人可能觉得在办公室安装监控录音涉嫌侵犯隐私，但我知道我们这个职业的特殊性，所以并不觉得反感。

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Ah Gang

Übersetzung

Wal-Mart story 2: what kind of company is Wal-Mart?

In total Walmart has opened nine stores on this beautiful isle. I was only successful in my job application at the fifth one. At the outset I thought it would be very simple, but after coming across a couple of snags, I calmed myself and started to do some more detailed research. Searching and applying for jobs at foreign enterprises on the internet generally will pose a few problems of which one has to find a reasonable way to address them. The more I understood Walmart, the more I discovered I liked the company. I’ve always been looking for the perfect place, and I found that it was very close to my ideal – having good ideas, principles, and beliefs. I thought I had found an oasis in this filthy country.

On the day of my fifth application, the sun was shining magnificently. This island has always has been known as the isle of sunshine. When I arrived at the store in the city centre, watching the staff coming and going gave me a feeling of intimacy. You can feel their quiet and kindness from their body language. Generally, people only get a feeling of familiarity when meeting people who share a similar system of values. The person who received me was called Jianyong, and he was the branch manager. He had an extremely amicable attitude, but made me feel a little paranoid. He was very assertive with me, saying that he had been in his role for a very long time, and that as soon as he saw me, he felt that I would suit this job as I had all the qualities that this role required. After he said this I was elated. After all in the previous few days I had suffered disappointment after disappointment. I couldn’t help but feel gratitude towards him. Jianyong’s temperament seemed familiar, though at the time I couldn’t clearly decipher what it represented. Only later on did I understand that it had the smell of power. Precisely speaking it was the smell that is specific to people who have power at the core of their system of values, something you be feel most among government officials.

Sometimes, I can be a bit dumb: as soon as things started going smoothly, I got carried away. After I had loosened up, while chatting with Jianyong, I started to brag that my appraisal of others was very accurate. Jianyong then asked me what sort of person I thought he was. Somehow my heart sank, and I narrowed my eyes to observe his face. Then I said something that absolutely couldn’t go wrong; that he was an upstanding citizen. Jianyong smiled, and said that people who weren’t upstanding couldn’t become an ap. I could feel that he was observing me incessantly, never loosening up.

The following interview with human resources went without a hitch, basically being a mere formality. Walking outside the sun shone on my face, and I felt entirely at ease. I felt a kind of happiness that one doesn’t feel often.

By this point I think I ought to give a brief overview of what kind of company Walmart is. The company came to China in 1996, and has already opened hundreds of stores. On this isle alone there are around ten large scale one-stop shopping malls, each covering an area greater than 10000 square meters. For many years Walmart has successively been the world’s largest company, and in my opinion the reason why it’s so formidable is due to it’s core values. Namely, these are the three main beliefs of “personal respect, customer service and the pursuit of excellence”. I believe that Walmart’s three main beliefs aren’t at all like those placards pasted over the street in our country, which one doesn’t believe and are just for show. From my own personal experience, I’ll take personal respect as an example. Our office has video cameras, which also record sound. One purpose of this is to prevent the malhandling and humiliation of those implicated during the interrogation by the plain clothes store detectives in order to catch the thieves. (We are never permitted to call customers who steal things in the shopping mall thieves, not even behind their backs. We can only call them implicated persons.) Another purpose is to collect evidence when there is friction between employees in the office in a non-judgmental way. Most people may think that installing surveillance monitors in the office would apparently violate privacy. However, I know the special nature of our profession, and so do not feel disgusted.

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Julien Leyre website

Apostelgeschichte Kapitel 13

Apostelgeschichte Kapitel 15

Za Ji (Teil 2)

Übersetzung James Legge

A bundle of silk (in a marriage treaty) contained live double rolls, each double roll being forty cubits in length.

Jing Jie

Übersetzung James Legge

Therefore the instructive and transforming power of ceremonies is subtile; they stop depravity before it has taken form, causing men daily to move towards what is good, and keep themselves farther apart from guilt, without being themselves conscious of it. It was on this account that the ancient kings set so high a value upon them. This sentiment is found in the words of the Yi, 'The superior man is careful at the commencement; a mistake, then, of a hair's breadth, will lead to an error of a thousand 1i.'